Genetic kidney disorders represent a rapidly evolving area in nephrology, driven by advances in molecular diagnostics and next-generation sequencing technologies. Conditions such as polycystic kidney disease, Alport syndrome, congenital anomalies of the kidney and urinary tract (CAKUT), and inherited nephrotic syndromes account for a significant proportion of chronic kidney disease in both pediatric and adult populations. Improved access to whole-exome and whole-genome sequencing has enhanced early diagnosis, refined disease classification, and enabled risk prediction for families. Understanding genotype–phenotype correlations, epigenetic influences, and modifier genes is transforming the approach to diagnosis and personalized patient management.