Mental retardation, now referred to as intellectual disability, is a condition characterized by limitations in intellectual functioning and adaptive behaviors. Originating before the age of 18, it affects cognition, communication, and daily life skills. Causes include Genetic factors, prenatal exposures, and Perinatal complications. The severity varies, impacting educational and social capabilities. Early intervention and personalized support play crucial roles in enhancing an individual's quality of life. Contemporary approaches focus on empowering individuals with intellectual disabilities to achieve greater independence and inclusion in society.