Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) remain the leading cause of mortality worldwide, primarily due to endothelial dysfunction, arterial stiffening, and the progressive accumulation of lipid-rich plaque and calcified deposits within the coronary arteries. Although conventional treatments such as angioplasty, stenting, and bypass surgery are clinically effective, they are invasive, costly, and often associated with complications such as restenosis and tissue injury. Gold, due to its stability and easy surface functionalization, allows accurate targeting of atherosclerotic regions and is increasingly used to address complex medical challenges. It can efficiently convert near-infrared light into precise, localized heat that melts lipid deposits without damaging healthy tissue, making it a powerful and minimally invasive tool for thermo-based cardiovascular therapy.

To address these challenges, the present study introduces a next-generation Thermotherapy-Empowered Cognitive Gold Nano-Thermo Robotic System (CGNTRS) developed for precision-guided arterial plaque removal. The system utilizes biocompatible gold nanostructures optimized for high NIR (near- infrared) absorption, enabling efficient photo thermal conversion and generation of localized hyperthermia. Each Nano-robot is integrated with cognitive bio sensing capabilities, allowing autonomous recognition of plaque composition, lipid density, hemodynamic flow patterns, and micro environmental parameters. This cognitive intelligence enables the CGNTRs to accurately navigate toward stenotic regions and interact only with pathological tissue. The proposed Nano-therapeutic platform integrates a Nano-sensor network, inter-body communication modules, and the Internet of Nano-Medical Things (IoNT) to continuously monitor, regulate, and optimize hyperthermic waves in real time under a “SEE and TREAT” strategy. 

Hyperthermia is generated via laser-induced irradiation of the Cognitive Gold Nano-Thermo Robots (GNTRs), where localized Coulomb explosions produce dispersed thermal waves. To transform these irregular heat pulses into a controlled and uniform therapeutic pattern, a Finite Difference Method (FDM)-based Adaptive Heat Control System is developed to maintain the therapeutic temperature between 50°C and 60°C, ensuring selective liquefaction of lipid aggregates while preserving endothelial integrity. Advanced computational and biophysical simulations confirm that cognitive thermotherapy significantly reduces plaque burden, enlarges lumen diameter, restores blood flow dynamics, and minimizes oxidative stress and inflammatory responses. Overall, CGNTRS offers a promising, minimally invasive alternative to traditional cardiovascular treatments and represents an important step forward in the future of smart Nano robotic therapies.

Dr. Zahid Hasan is a distinguished scholar in the field of computer science, currently serving as an Associate Professor since September 2024 and also holding the additional responsibility of Director of Advanced Study and Research (DASAR). He began his academic career as an Assistant Professor in September 2016 and earned his Ph.D. in Computer Science in 2024. Dr. Hasan's research encompasses a wide array of advanced technologies, including Nano medicine, Nanotechnology, Nano robotics, artificial intelligence, machine learning, computer vision, image processing, intelligent diagnostic systems, and soft computing. His interdisciplinary expertise positions him as a leader in innovative research that integrates AI with emerging technologies in Nano medicine and diagnostics. His several publications are in ‘W’ and ‘X’ categories.