The main goal is directed to understanding of the internal protective mechanisms in the initial stages of cell differentiation, which underline the protection against malignant transformation on the one hand and degenerative changes on the other. Induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) could be derived from any types of cells from adult organism in various differentiation stages, even from mature differentiated cells of the adult organism, by treatment with appropriate recombinant vectors about reprogramming by transfer of genes Oct4, Klf4, Sox2 and c-Myc or by incubation in the presence of specific chemical cocktail, containing the protein products of these genes (Yamanaka factors). Sub-populations of the derived iPSCs could be applied about derivation of different organoids, by respective appropriate incubation.

Other sub-populations of iPSCs could be applied about derivation of primordial germ cells (PGCs)-like cells, of extended pluripotent stem cells (EPSCs) and/or of totipotent-like stem cells (TLSCs). For this goal, iPSCs should be reprogrammed by transfer of specific genes or to be incubated in the presence of chemical cocktail, containing the protein products of these genes. Additionally, specific pathways should be activated, but other should be inhibited. One of the ways is by epigenetic modifications, including by DNA methylation. Among the responsible factors are Bone Morphogenic Proteins (BMPs), WNTs and enzymes histone methyltransferases, respectively.

The main idea in the current presentation is related with development of methods about derivation of TLSCs, of EPSCs and of PGCLCs directly from mature cells of adult organism (without the phase of derivation of iPSCs) The derived PGCs-like cells, EPSCs and/or TLSCs should be in vitro-incubated in appropriate conditions (including directed to derivation of male and female gametes from the received PGCs-like cells). The next step is related with formation of blastoids (3D-complex systems –possessing XX and/or XY sex chromosomes, respectively), formed by spontaneous self-organization in laboratory conditions, containing primary embryonic and extra-embryonic tissues. Further studies, directed to direct derivation of should be performed TLSCs, of EPSCs and of PGCLCs directly from mature cells of adult organism should be performed.

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